Regarding Deuteronomy 22:28-29

 

Deuteronomy 22:28-29 NIV:

If a man happens to meet a virgin who is not pledged to be married and rapes her and they are discovered, he shall pay her father fifty shekels of silver. He must marry the young woman, for he has violated her. He can never divorce her as long as he lives.

Deuteronomy 22:28-29 LXX:

And if any one should find a young virgin who has not been betrothed, and should force and lie with her, and be found, the man who lay with her shall give to the father of the damsel fifty silver didrachms, and she shall be his wife, because he has humbled her; he shall never be able to put her away.

Tertullian interprets this as rape:

For in the Gospel of Matthew he says, Whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causes her to commit adultery. Matthew 5:32 He also is deemed equally guilty of adultery, who marries a woman put away by her husband. The Creator, however, except on account of adultery, does not put asunder what He Himself joined together, the same Moses in another passage enacting that he who had married after violence to a damsel, should thenceforth not have it in his power to put away his wife. Deuteronomy 22:28-29 Now, if a compulsory marriage contracted after violence shall be permanent, how much rather shall a voluntary one, the result of agreement! This has the sanction of the prophet: You shall not forsake the wife of your youth. Malachi 2:15 Thus you have Christ following spontaneously the tracks of the Creator everywhere, both in permitting divorce and in forbidding it. - Against Marcion, Book IV, Chapter 34.


It is also the consensus of modern scholarship:

22:28-29: As the laws proceed in a movement toward less severe affronts, the fifth case is, from the perspective of the text, the least severe (vv. 28-29). This case involved an unengaged virgin, that is, a woman not yet possessed by a man other than her father. The man is aggressive and seizes (tāpaś) her, though the verb here is less harsh than that in verse 25. The case is contrasted with the two preceding cases. In this case, neither party is executed, because there is no other man who is affronted by the act. Thus social pressure is off; nothing much is at stake. The settlement of the case is not unlike the first case in which charges are found to be false (vv. 18-19). The man is fined and forfeits his right to a future divorce. Again the settlement must be made between the two men. The woman has been raped, but she is not even acknowledged in the settlement, except that she is assigned to a lifelong partnership with her rapist. - Abingdon Old Testament Commentaries | Deuteronomy, Walter Brueggemann

22:28-29. A man who raped an unbetrothed virgin was forced to marry her (after paying the bride-price of 50 shekels to her father) and had to forfeit the right of divorce. This protected, to a degree, the girl’s honor and assured her (and her child if she B.C. me pregnant from the rape) permanent support. This stipulation may also have served as a deterrent against rape since the man would have to live with that woman for the rest of his life. - The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Wolvoord, J. F., & Zuck, R. B

Also, Jewish commentary:

All of the previous cases pertained to a married or betrothed woman, and the described act of sexual intercourse was a violation of the severe prohibition of “You shall not commit adultery,” which is punishable by death. The law is different in the case presented here: If a man finds a young virgin who is not betrothed, and he seizes her forcibly, and lies with her, rapes her (in rabbinic literature, a victim of rape is sometimes referred to as a seized woman), and they are found - Steinsaltz on Deuteronomy 22:28

ונמצאו. הוא מיותר ומשמעו כאן בעדים כדתניא בספרי. וקמ״ל דלא נימא דכמו שהקדים הכתוב דאם בשדה מצאה ה״ז ברור שהיה באונס. להכי מלמדנו המקרא דלענין לחייב קנס בעינן שיהא עדים שהיה באונס מתחלה : - Haamek Davar on Deuteronomy 22:28:2

כי ימצא איש נערה בתלה אשר לא אורשה וגו'. רוצה לומר שאנס אותה והיא נערה בחזקת בתולה: - Ralbag Beur HaMilot on Torah, Deuteronomy 22:28:1

ושכב עמה ונמצאו. רוצה לומר שיהיו שם עדים וכבר יתבאר במה שקדם שהנבעלת בעיר סתמה שהיא מפותה עד שיתברר האונס והנבעלת שדה סתמה שהיא אנוסה ולא יצטרך התראה באונס ומפתה כמו שהאוכל משל חבירו משלם ואינו צריך התראה ולפי שדקדקה התורה שתהיה התולה ולזה הסכימ' שיתן לאביה כסף במוהר הבתולות כמו שנזכר בפרשת ואלה המשפטים וזכר בזה המקום שזה הכסף הוא חמשים סלעים של כסף למדנו שלא ינהג זה הדין אלא כשבא עליה כדרכה מהמקום שהיא בתולה כי אין בכאן עונש לה שנוכל לומר שבעבורו דקדקה התורה שתהיה בתולה ולזה גם כן הסכימה התורה שיתן זה הכסף מפני מוהר הבתולות הראוי להם מצד בתוליהן: - Ralbag Beur HaMilot on Torah, Deuteronomy 22:28:2

כי ימצא איש, בסדר משפטים נתבאר דין שוכב עם הפנויה כי מהר ימהרנה וכו' ואם מאן ימאן אביה לתתה לו כסף ישקול, וזה לפי ששם מדבר במפתה שנתן לה מתנות או שפתה אותה בהבטחות ודברי רצוי, אבל כאן באנוסה הכתוב מדבר כחביריו שבענין, ולכן נשתנה ענשו שמלבד החמשים כסף לא יוכל לשלחה כל ימיו: - Reggio on Torah, Deuteronomy 22:28:1

Source: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy%2022%3A28-29&version=NIV

Source: https://www.biblestudytools.com/lxx/deuteronomy/passage/?q=deuteronomy+22:28-29

Source: https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/03124.htm

Source: https://annas-archive.li/md5/94ac6a0494e2c658cbe8257badd9edeb

Source: https://annas-archive.li/md5/d5d9054998cef9441f5434289d047a27

Source: https://www.sefaria.org/Deuteronomy.22.28?lang=bi&with=Commentary&lang2=en